Mbiri ya Chitukuko cha Galasi

1.1 Chiyambi cha Galasi Lapadziko Lonse
Malinga ndi zolemba zakale zofunikira, kuyambira cha m'ma 3000 BC mpaka 2000 BC, anthu aku Egypt kapena Mesopotamia anali atapanga kale ukadaulo wopanga magalasi okhwima. Palinso nthano kuti zaka zoposa 3000 zapitazo, amalonda aku Foinike adapeza makhiristo opangidwa ndi mankhwala pakati pa mchere wotchedwa "soda yachilengedwe" (ena amati saltpeter) ndi mchenga wa quartz pagombe pansi pa moto, womwe ndi mtundu wakale kwambiri wa galasi. Afoinike mwachibadwa sanaphonye mwayi wopeza malonda. Anagwiritsa ntchito mankhwalawa kuti apange mchenga wambiri wosaphika, miyala, phulusa la soda, ndi mikanda yagalasi yosakanikirana, yomwe inkagulitsidwa kulikonse. Ngakhale kuti adapeza phindu lalikulu, adalimbikitsanso kutchuka koyamba kwa galasi padziko lonse lapansi, zomwe zidalola mayiko ambiri omwe anali ndi ubale wamalonda ndi Afoinike kuti apeze galasi lokongola koyamba.
Magalasi a Fiennes ndi Ferret a Afoinike amaonedwa kuti ndi oyamba kupanga magalasi. Kukula kwa magalasi oyambirira kunadutsa mu nthawi zinayi zazikulu: nthawi ya chitukuko chakale (pafupifupi 3500 BC mpaka 1000 BC), nthawi ya chitukuko chakale (pafupifupi 100 BC mpaka 500 AD), nthawi ya chitukuko cha m'zaka zapakati (pafupifupi 500 AD mpaka 1500 AD), ndi nthawi ya Renaissance ndi nthawi ya zaka za m'ma 1500 AD mpaka 1890 AD). Pambuyo pake, mkhalidwe wa anthu womwe ulipo pano unayamba pang'onopang'ono, ndi magalasi apadera, magalasi aluso, magalasi okongoletsera, ndi magalasi omanga nyumba.
2. Kugwiritsa Ntchito Galasi

2.1 Kugwiritsa Ntchito Galasi M'mbiri
Galasi linayamba kugwiritsidwa ntchito pazinthu zofunika tsiku ndi tsiku monga Makapu a Galasi, mabotolo, ndi mbale. Anthu aku Mesopotamiya ankapanga maziko a nthaka, omwe kenako ankakulungidwa ndi riboni zagalasi zosungunuka ndi kukonzedwa pamwamba kuti apange magalasi. Zipangizo zagalasi zopangidwa mwanjira imeneyi nthawi zambiri zimakhala ngati botolo ndipo zimagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati zidebe zosungiramo madzi kapena chakudya.
Galasi loyambirira linkaonedwa kuti linali ndi mtundu umodzi wokha, wobiriwira, womwe unkachepetsa momwe limagwiritsidwira ntchito. Anthu sanazindikire kuti chifukwa chake galasi limapereka mtundu wobiriwira ndi chifukwa chakuti zinthu zopangira galasi zimakhala ndi chitsulo chochepa, ndipo mankhwala a chitsulo chosakanikirana amachititsa kuti galasi liwoneke lobiriwira. Pambuyo powonjezera manganese dioxide, panali kusintha kwa mtundu. Kusintha kwapadera komanso kokongola kwa mtundu kumeneku kwapangitsa kuti galasi ligwiritsidwe ntchito kwambiri - zinthu zosiyanasiyana zagalasi zamitundu yosiyanasiyana zatulukira. Makamaka anthu aku Italy ataphunzira ukadaulo wapamwamba wopanga magalasi, magalasi amitundu yosiyanasiyana ankagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri mugalasi lokongoletsera la matchalitchi, makamaka mu kapangidwe ka tchalitchi ka Gothic. Matchalitchi a Gothic nthawi zambiri amakhala ndi kapangidwe kakuthwa komanso kakatali komwe kamawoneka ngati kakuuluka mmwamba, zomwe zimapangitsa zenera lalitali la ku France kukhala galasi lopaka utoto. Kuwala kwa dzuwa kumawala kudzera m'mawindo okongola kulowa mu tchalitchi chopatulika, zomwe zimapangitsa mlengalenga wa tchalitchi kukhala wodekha komanso wopatulika.
Pambuyo pake, galasi linagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri mumakampani omanga. Mu 1833, nyumba yoyamba padziko lonse yomangidwa ndi chitsulo ndi galasi, Garden des Plantes greenhouse, inavumbulutsidwa. Mosiyana ndi kulemera kwa nyumba zamwala, nyumba zagalasi zimatha kubweretsa kumverera komveka bwino komanso koyera, komwe kwayamikiridwa kwambiri ndi anthu kwa kanthawi. Chitsanzo chowonekera bwino ndi malo ochitira chionetsero cha dziko lonse ku London (omwe amadziwikanso kuti "Crystal Palace") omwe adamangidwa motsogozedwa ndi Paxton mu 1851, omwe angatchedwe kachisi wagalasi.

2.2 Galasi Lamakono Mapulogalamu
Masiku ano, kugwiritsa ntchito galasi kwafala kwambiri. Chidebe cha Galasi Zingagawidwe m'magulu agalasi lathyathyathya ndi magalasi apadera. Galasi lathyathyathya limagawidwa m'magulu atatu: galasi lathyathyathya lokhala ndi mipata kapena lopanda mipata, galasi lathyathyathya lokhala ndi njira yokoka yathyathyathya, ndi galasi loyandama. Mitundu iyi yagalasi imagwiritsidwa ntchito mumakampani omanga ndi kukongoletsa, makampani opanga magalimoto, makampani opanga zaluso, komanso ngakhale asilikali. Malinga ndi kapangidwe kake, galasi likhoza kugawidwa m'magulu a galasi la quartz, galasi la silicate lapamwamba, galasi la lead silicate, galasi la sodium calcium, galasi la aluminiyamu silicate, galasi la borosilicate, galasi la potaziyamu, ndi zina zotero. Mitundu yosiyanasiyana yagalasi ili ndi ntchito zake, monga galasi la soda laimu, lomwe lingagwiritsidwe ntchito popanga magalasi athyathyathya, magalasi, ndi mababu amagetsi; Galasi la lead silicate limagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati chitoliro cha vacuum chifukwa cha kunyowa kwachitsulo kwambiri, ndipo limagwiritsidwanso ntchito kuletsa kuwala chifukwa lead imatha kuletsa zinthu zowononga; Galasi la borosilicate ndiye chisankho chomwe chimakondedwa pagalasi la zida zoyesera mankhwala chifukwa cha mphamvu zake zambiri komanso kukana dzimbiri.

3. Tsogolo la galasi
3.1 Ziyembekezo zamtsogolo za galasi laluso ndi galasi lokongoletsa
Gawo limodzi lalikulu la ntchito zamagalasi amakono ndi galasi laluso ndi galasi lokongoletsera. Galasi lamasuka ku zomangira zoyamba kugwiritsa ntchito zinthu zothandiza ndipo layamba kukula kukhala lokongola. Pambuyo poti ma studio agalasi amera ngati bowa mvula itatha, zinthu zambiri zokongola zagalasi zinayamba kuonekera, kuphatikizapo zosungira makandulo agalasi, zokongoletsera zagalasi, ziboliboli zagalasi, komanso ziboliboli zazikulu zagalasi. Zinthu zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito mugalasi laluso zimayambira magalimoto, nyumba, ndi ziboliboli za pabwalo mpaka zojambulira zazing'ono za wotchi, mafelemu agalasi, ndi mafoni am'manja. Galasi lingagwiritsidwenso ntchito ngati mwala wozungulira m'malo mwa diamondi wokwera mtengo. "Ma diamondi" omwe amawonedwa pazinthu zazing'ono masiku ano ndi miyala yosiyanasiyana yozungulira yopangidwa ndi galasi.
Malangizo anga okhudza chitukuko cha mtsogolo cha galasi la zaluso ndi awa:
1. Galasi la zaluso ndi galasi lokongoletsera ziyenera kuyamikira kudzoza ndi luso, kutsatira mapangidwe apadera a luso, ndikubweretsa phwando lowoneka bwino.
2. Konzani bwino kapangidwe ka galasi la zaluso, chepetsani ndalama kuti muwonjezere kupanga galasi la zaluso.
3. Kupanga miyezo ya mafakitale kuti zitsimikizire kuti magalasi aluso amapangidwa bwino komanso kuti asamagwiritsidwe ntchito molakwika, komanso kupewa zinthu monga kuipitsa zinthu zopangira.
4. Kuphatikiza ukadaulo wapamwamba mu njira yopangira magalasi aluso ndi magalasi okongoletsera kumakweza ukadaulo wopanga magalasi pamlingo watsopano ndikulimbikitsa bwino chitukuko cha mafakitale.
Kugwira ntchito zosiyanasiyana komanso kuphatikiza kwa magalasi aluso ndi magalasi okongoletsera ndizofunikira kuti zigwirizane ndi zomwe zikuchitika masiku ano. Mwachitsanzo, magalasi okongoletsera okonzedwa pophatikiza maselo a dzuwa ndi makoma a nsalu zagalasi zamitundu yosiyanasiyana sangagwiritse ntchito mphamvu ya dzuwa yokha komanso amagwira ntchito ngati makoma osanyamula katundu komanso zokongoletsera, kupha mbalame ziwiri ndi mwala umodzi.

3.2 Galasi Lapadera
Magalasi apadera amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri m'magawo monga zida, zankhondo, zamankhwala, zamagetsi, zamankhwala, zamankhwala, ndi zomangamanga, chilichonse chili ndi mawonekedwe akeake. Monga galasi lofewa (lokhala ndi mphamvu zambiri, losasweka mosavuta, ngakhale litasweka, silipanga tinthu takuthwa tomwe timavulaza thupi la munthu), galasi lojambulidwa (losawonekera bwino, lomwe nthawi zambiri limagwiritsidwa ntchito m'malo omwe amafunikira chithandizo chosawonekera bwino, monga zimbudzi), galasi lopaka utoto (lomwe limagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri m'makampani omanga, losasweka mosavuta likakhudzidwa), galasi lotetezedwa (mphamvu yabwino yoteteza mawu), galasi loteteza zipolopolo (galasi lamphamvu kwambiri, limatha kutseka zipolopolo pa liwiro lotsika ndikuwonetsetsa kuti zinthu zili bwino), ndi zina zotero.

Galasi lapadera la borosilicate
Kuphatikiza apo, mitundu yatsopano yosiyanasiyana ya magalasi opangidwa pophatikiza mankhwala osiyanasiyana imakhala ndi mwayi wogwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri. Kuphatikiza galasi la silica wambiri, galasi la silicate la lead, galasi la sodium calcium, galasi la aluminiyamu silicate, galasi la borosilicate, galasi la potaziyamu, ndi zina zotero zomwe zatchulidwa kale, galasi lachitsulo lopangidwa ndi chitsulo ndi mtundu watsopano wa galasi lomwe likukopa chidwi pakadali pano. Galasi lachitsulo lopangidwa ndi chitsulo ndi chinthu chosasinthika chomwe chimapangidwa makamaka ndi zinthu zachitsulo, zopanda zolakwika zamakristalo monga mapulaneti, malo, ndi mfundo. Lili ndi zinthu zabwino kwambiri monga kusinthasintha kwakukulu, mphamvu yayikulu, kukana dzimbiri, kukana kukhudza, komanso kukana kuzizira ndi kutentha, ndipo lili ndi mwayi wogwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri pantchito yopanga mafuta ndi gasi.